Heterodyne readout holographic memory

ABSTRACT

A holographic optical memory utilizes an optical heterodyne technique to significantly increase the signal-to-noise ratio during the readout stage of operation. A light source provides a coherent light beam which is split into a readout beam and a local oscillator beam. The readout beam is directed to one of the holograms stored in the memory medium and a portion of the readout beam is diffracted by the hologram to form a reconstructed image of the bit pattern stored in the hologram at the reconstructed image plane. The local oscillator beam is superimposed with the diffracted portion of the readout beam. An optical frequency translator is positioned in either the readout beam or the local oscillator beam to cause the beams to have different optical frequencies. Therefore, when the two beams are superimposed, a beat frequency signal is produced. An array of detectors is positioned at the reconstructed image plane to receive the superimposed beams. Each detector of the array is positioned to receive the light representing one bit of the bit pattern and to provide an output signal indicative of the intensity of the beat frequency signal received.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an optical memory and in particular to aholographic optical memory.

In the specification, the term "light" is used to mean electromagneticwaves within the band frequencies including infrared, visible andultraviolet light.

A holographic optical memory makes use of a memory medium upon whichmany individual holograms are stored. Each hologram represents adifferent bit pattern or "page". The information is stored by directingtwo beams to a desired location on the memory medium. One beam, theinformation beam, contains the bit pattern formed by a page composer,while the second beam acts as the reference beam necessary forholographic storage. To read out the information, a readout beamselectively illuminates one of the holograms stored, thereby producingat a reconstructed image plane a reconstructed image of the bit patternstored in the hologram. An array of photodetectors is located at thereconstructed image plane to detect the individual bits of the bitpattern.

This type of memory is extremely attractive. In the "bit-by-bit" type ofoptical memory, a single recorded spot on the memory medium representsonly one information bit. On the other hand, a single hologram recordedon the same memory medium represents a page which may contain as many as10⁵ bits. Memories having 10⁵ or 10⁶ pages have been proposed, with eachpage containing about 10⁵ bits.

Another advantage of the holographic optical memory is that theinformation stored in the hologram is stored uniformly throughout thehologram rather than in discrete areas. Therefore the hologram isrelatively insensitive to blemishes or dust on the memory medium. Asmall blemish or dust particle on the memory medium cannot obscure a bitof digital data as it can if the bits are stored in a bit-by-bit memory.

One difficulty experienced with certain materials used for memorymediums in holographic optical memories, such as MnBi and certainphotochromic materials, is that these materials exhibit a lowdiffraction efficiency. Therefore the signal received by thephotodetector array is rather low. As a result the signal-to-noise ratioduring the readout stage is also low. Although the intensity of thelight received by the photodetector array can be increased to someextent by increasing the power of the readout beam, the readout beampower must not be so great that the information is erased or the filmdestroyed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The holographic optical memory of the present invention utilizes anoptical heterodyne technique during readout which greatly improves thesignal-to-noise ratio.

A plurality of holograms each containing a particular bit pattern arestored upon the memory medium of the holographic memory. To achievereadout of a particular pattern, light source means provides a coherentlight beam which is split by beam splitter means into a first and asecond beam. Light beam directing means direct the first beam to one ofthe holograms. A portion of the first beam is diffracted by the hologramto form, at a reconstructed image plane, a reconstructed image of thebit pattern stored in the hologram. Light beam superimposing meanssuperimpose the second beam with the diffracted portion of the firstbeam. The wavefronts of the superimposed portion of the first beam andthe second beam are well matched to make the heterodyne techniqueeffective. Optical frequency translator means positioned in the path ofeither the first or the second beam causes the one beam to have adifferent frequency from that of the other beam. Therefore, a beatfrequency signal is produced when the first and second beams aresuperimposed. An array of detectors is positioned at the reconstructedimage plane. Each detector of the array is positioned to receive lightrepresenting one bit of the bit pattern and provide an output signalindicative of the intensity of the beat frequency signal received.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 2a and b show a preferred embodiment of the present invention inwhich pivoting means are utilized to pivot the readout and localoscillator beams into a common reconstructed image plane.

FIGS. 3a and b show another embodiment of the present invention in whicha magnetic film is the memory medium and the Kerr effect readout fromthe magnetic film is utilized.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a readout system for a holographic memory utilizing theoptical heterodyne technique of the present invention. Light sourcemeans 10 provides a coherent light beam 11. A plurality of holograms arestored in memory medium 12. Beam splitter 13 splits the light beam 11into a first and a second beam. These beams are referred to as readoutbeam 11r and local oscillator beam 11s. First beam directing means 14adirects readout beam 11r to one of the holograms stored in memory medium12. Readout Readout 11r impinges upon one of the holograms stored inmemory medium 12 and a portion of readout beam 11r is diffracted by thehologram to form, at a reconstructed image plane, a reconstructed imageof the bit pattern stored in the hologram. Light beam superimposingmeans, which consists of second beam directing means 14b, wavefrontmatching means 31 and beam combining mirror 30 superimpose localoscillator beam 11s with the diffracted portion of readout beam 11r.Alternatively, first and second beam directing means 14a and 14b may bereplaced by a single beam directing means positioned between lightsource means 10 and beam splitter 13. In such an embodiment, beaminverting means must be positioned in the path of either readout beam11r or local oscillator beam 11s. Optical frequency translator means 35is positioned in the path of local oscillator beams 11s to provide localoscillator beam 11s with a frequency different from that of readout beam11r. Therefore, when local oscillator beam 11s and the diffractedportion of readout beam 11r are superimposed, a beat frequency signal isproduced. Detector array 25 is positioned at the reconstructed imageplane. Each detector of the array is positioned to receive lightrepresenting one bit of the bit pattern and to provide an output signalindicative of the intensity of the beat frequency signal received.

It has been found that the particular embodiment of the presentinvention shown in FIG. 1 is quite difficult to implement in practice.This is due to the critical dependence on alignment of the localoscillator beam 11s and the diffracted portion of readout beam 11r. Notonly must the two beams be parallel, but also the wavefronts must bewell matched because small phase differences in the two beams withrespect to each other will degrade the performance. For this reason, thepreferred embodiment of the present invention further includes pivotingmeans positioned proximate the memory medium. The use of pivoting meansin a holographic optical memory is described in a copending patentapplication Ser. No. 148,505, filed June 1, 1971, by T. C. Lee entitled"Holographic Optical Memory", which is assigned to the same assignee asthe present invention. This system is particularly useful in opticalheterodyne detection because it allows the holograms to be read usingthe same beams which acted as the reference beam and the signal beamduring the storage of the holograms as the readout beam and localoscillator beam, respectively, during readout. The pivoting means notonly pivots the portion of the readout beam which is diffracted by eachhologram into a common reconstructed image plane, but also pivots thelocal oscillator beam into a reconstructed image plane. In so doing,wavefront matching is automatically achieved, making a separatewavefront matching means unnecessary.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a holographic optical memoryrepresenting one preferred embodiment of the present invention. Elementssimilar to those described in FIG. 1 are denoted by identical numerals.Light source means 10 provides a coherent light beam 11. Memory medium12 is provided for the storage of a plurality of holograms. In theparticular embodiment shown in FIG. 2 the memory medium is a magneticfilm of the manganese bismuth. However, it is to be understood thatother materials may be used as memory medium 12. These includephotochromic, photoplastic and various photographic materials. Beamsplitter means 13 is positioned in the path of light beam 11 to splitcoherent light beam 11 into a first beam 11r and a second beam 11s. Beamdirecting means simultaneously direct first beam 11r and second beam 11sto coincide at a selected region of memory medium 12. In the particularembodiment shown in FIG. 2, beam directing means comprise light beamdeflector means 14, an array of individual lenses 15, field lens 16,mirror 17, and beam inverting means 18. In one embodiment beam splitter13, array 15 and field lens 16 comprise a single hololens, as describedby W. C. Stewart and L. S. Cosentino in "Optics for a Read-WriteHolographic Memory," Applied Optics, 9, 2271, Oct. 1970. Light beamdeflector means 14 is positioned between light source means 10 and beamsplitter means 13 for deflecting first and second beams 11r and 11s to aplurality of resolvable spots. Light beam deflector means 14 may forinstance comprise acousto-optic, electro-optic or mechanical light beamdeflectors. In its preferred form light beam deflector means 14 iscapable of deflecting the first and second beams into two dimensions,hereafter referred to as the x and the y directions. In the variousfigures, two possible beam positions are shown which are represented bythe solid and the dashed lines, respectively.

Mirror 17 may be positioned in either first beam 11r or second beam 11s.Mirror 17 changes the direction of propagation of one of the beams sothat they may converge on a common area of memory medium 12.

The array of individual lenses 15 is positioned in the path of secondbeam 11s. The array may comprise a hololens or, as shown in FIG. 2, mayconsist of a panel of fly's eye lenses. Each lens is positioned at oneof the plurality of resolvable spots. Preferably the size of each lensis equal to that of one resolvable spot. The function of the individuallenses is to reduce the beam diameter of the resolved spot such that theratio of the original spot size to the reduced spot size is equal to orgreater than the number of resolution elements needed to form onehologram. A Fourier transform hologram should have a minimum linear sizeof 3λL,/d where d is the bit-to-bit spacing, λ is the wavelength of thelight and L is the distance between the object and the hologram. Theresolution in the hologram is λL/D so that the hologram needs a minimumof 9N² resolution spots, where D is the linear dimension of the objectand N is the total number of bits in one dimension. If the diameter ofthe individual lens in the fly's eye lens panel is A and the focallength f, then the condition (A² /λf).sup. 2 ≧ 9N² must be satisfied. Asimilar system for increasing the number of resolvable spots by the useof fly's eye lenses is described in co-pending patent application, Ser.No. 841,057, by T. C. Lee and J. D. Zook, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,624,817,which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.

Field lens 16 pivots the deflected beam at pivot plane A. In thepreferred embodiment shown in FIG. 2a, field lens 16 is in physicalcontact with the array of individual lenses 15. However, it is to beunderstood that field lens 16 may be separate from the array ofindividual lenses 15.

Beam inverting means 18, which comprises lenses 19a and 19b positionedin the path of second beam 11s, inverts the angular direction +φ into-φ, where φ is the angle which the central ray of second beam 11s makewith respect to the optical axis of the lens system. Beam invertingmeans 18 is necessary to ensure that the deflected first and secondbeams 11r and 11s always coincide at the memory medium. Beam invertingmeans 18 alternatively may be positioned in the path of reference beam11r, and may comprise a pair of dove prisms rather than lenses 19a and19b. As shown in FIG. 2a, beam inverting means 18 is so positioned thatsecond beam 11s is again pivoted at pivot plane B.

Page composer 20 is positioned in the path of second beam 11s proximatepivot plane B. Page composer 20 creates a bit pattern during the writingstage of operation. Fourier transform lens means 21 performs a Fouriertransform of the bit pattern. Page composer 20 may be positioned suchthat second beam 11s passes through page composer 20 prior to or aftersecond beam 11s passes through Fourier transform lens means 21.

Beam intensity control means, which in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2acomprise individual modulators 23 and 24 in the first and second beams,cause the combined intensity of the first and second beams to besufficient to store the bit pattern as a hologram during the writingstage. During the reading stage the intensity of light incident upon thehologram must be insufficient to alter the hologram. Although twomodulators 23 and 24 are specifically shown in the Figures, it is to beunderstood that in some embodiments of the present invention, a singlemodulator which is positioned between light source 10 and beam splitter13 may comprise the beam intensity control means.

When memory medium 12 comprises a magnetic film, erase coil 22positioned proximate memory medium 12 may be utilized to aid erasure ofthe holograms.

FIG. 2b shows the operation of the system of FIG. 2a during the readingstage of operation. During readout both first beam 11r and second beam11s are directed to one of the holograms stored on memory medium 12.Therefore, during readout first beam 11r acts as the readout beam whilesecond beam 11s acts as the local oscillator beam. Modulators 23 and 24control the intensity of beams 11r and 11s such that the combinedintensity is insufficient to alter the hologram during readout. Opticalfrequency translator means 35 positioned in the path of first beam 11rcauses first beam 11r to have a different optical frequency from that ofsecond beam 11s. Alternatively, frequency translator means 35 may bepositioned in the path of second beam 11s, as was shown in FIG. 1.During readout, all the light valves of page composer 20 are open.

Pivoting means in the form of pivoting lens 26 which may comprise asingle lens or multiple lenses is positioned proximate memory medium 12.The undiffracted portion of second beam 11s and the diffracted portionof the first beam 11r are superimposed and their wavefronts arewell-matched after passing the memory medium plane. Pivoting lens 26pivots the superimposed beams from each of the plurality of hologramsinto a common reconstructed image plane. An array of detectors 25 ispositioned at the reconstructed image plane. Each detector of the arrayis positioned to receive one bit of the bit pattern and to provide anoutput signal indicative of the intensity of the beat frequency signalproduced by the superimposed first and second beams.

The pivoting lens 26 shown in FIG. 2 has a substantially flat surface26a and a curved surface 26b. Memory medium 12 is a deposited layer onthe substantially flat surface 26a of pivoting lens 26. However, it isto be understood that pivoting lens 26 may be separate physically frommemory medium 12.

FIGS. 3a and 3b show another embodiment of the present invention inwhich a magnetic film is memory medium 12 and in which the magneto-opticKerr effect readout from the magnetic film is utilized. In the Kerreffect the diffracted portion of the readout beam is reflected by themagnetic film whereas in a Faraday effect readout such as shown in FIG.2b, the diffracted portion of the readout beam is transmitted throughthe magnetic film. The system of FIG. 3 is similar to that shown in FIG.2 and similar numerals are used to designate similar elements. In theembodiment shown, the pivoting means comprises a parabolic mirror 40rather than a lens such as pivoting lens 26 of FIG. 2. Memory medium 12comprises a magnetic film such as MnBi which is deposited on the surfaceof parabolic mirror 40. It should be noted that beam inverting means 18and mirror 17 are positioned in the path of first beam 11r, rather thanin the path of second beam 11s as shown in FIG. 2.

During readout, FIG. 3b, both first beam 11r and second beam 11s areagain directed to memory medium 12, as described previously withreference to FIG. 2b. Parabolic mirror 40 pivots the undiffractedportion of second beam 11s and the diffracted portion of first beam 11r.The superimposed beams are received by detector array 25 which ispositioned at the common reconstructed image plane. It should be notedthat in FIG. 3, page composer 20 and detector array 25 obey anobject-image relationship with respect to parabolic mirror 40. It can beshown that when page composer 20 and detector array 25 are positionedsymmetrically with respect to the principal axis of parabolic mirror 40,and when the magnification is unity, the astigmatism and distortion ofthese elements is automatically eliminated.

To demonstrate the significant improvement in performance of the presentinvention, a comparison will be made of the performance of the systemshown in FIGS. 2 and 3 when a single readout beam is utilized and whenthe heterodyne detection of the present invention utilizing two beams isused.

In a readout system where "straight detection" with a single readoutbeam is used, the light intensity of each bit p in the reconstructed bitpattern is governed by the diffraction efficiency η of the memory mediumand the number of bits per page N². That is,

    p=p.sub.o ·η/N                                Equation 1

Using η of 5×10⁻⁵ for MnBi, N² of 5×10⁴, the p/P_(o) is equal to 10⁻⁹.

Assuming that the noise is comprised of thermal noise due to the loadand shot noise due to the detector, the signal-to-noise ratio S/N can bedescribed by the relation ##EQU1## where

    i.sub.1 =η.sub.q p/(hv/.sub.e ),                       Equation 4

i_(d) =dark current,

R_(eq) =equivalent load resistance, and

η_(q) =quantum efficiency of the detector,

h=Planck's constant,

v=Optical frequency,

e=Electric change,

Δf=Detector bandwidth,

k=Boltzman's constant, and

T=Absolute temperature.

The value of S/N depends on the illumination level p, the dark noise ofthe detector i_(d) and the load resistor which in turn is determined bythe bandwidth required, Δf. To give an example, assume that PINphotodiodes are used, that the dark current is 10⁻⁹ amp per photodiodein an array, that η_(q) is equal to 0.5 so that i₁ equals about 0.3 naper nw of p, and that R_(eq) =10 K ohms and Δf=1 MHz. The bandwidth Δfdepends upon whether the readout is parallel or partially parallel suchas in word-organized readout. For a word-organized readout, a data rateof 10 MHz calls for a bandwidth of 1 MHz if 10 bits constitute one word.Using these numbers the noise becomes thermal-noise limited (thethermal-noise limit extends to R_(eq) of about 1 megaohm so that the S/Nexpression is simplified to ##EQU2##

For i₁ of 1 na, S/N is equal to 2.5. This calls for a reading opticalpower of 3 watts. If the reading power is increased to 10 watts, S/N isincreased to 20.

Turning now to the heterodyne readout system of the present invention,it can be shown that the a.c. power in each bit P_(a).c. is given by,##EQU3## where P_(LO) is local oscillator power, P_(s) is the readingbeam power in the reference channel and r equals P.sub. s /P_(LO). Alsoα is the optical absorption constant and t is the thickness of thememory medium. η_(F) is the Faraday diffraction efficiency. ComparingEquation 6 with Equation 1, the gain in the available power per bit is##EQU4## For example, in the Faraday effect readout system of FIG. 2using MnBi,

    e.sup.-αt/2 =0.17√ηF=(5×10.sup.-5).sup.1/2 =7×10.sup.-3,

and using r=1, one gets G_(F) = 24.

If the Kerr effect system shown in FIG. 3 is used, then ##EQU5## and thegain is, ##EQU6## where η_(K) is the Kerr diffraction efficiency and Ris the reflectivity of the memory medium. Again, using r=1, and R= 0.3and η_(K) = 2× 10⁻⁵, one gets G_(K) = 120. Therefore, the Kerr system issuperior to the Faraday system when heterodyne readout is employed.

Turning now to the determination of S/N in the heterodyne readoutsystem, it can be shown that the noise sources in a heterodyne receiverincludes shot noise due to the d.c. photocurrent I_(o), the dark currentI_(o) ', and thermal noise from the lossy elements in the photodetectorand the equivalent input noise of the amplifier, all of which is lumpedinto an equivalent noise temperature T_(eq). Thus,

    S/N=1/2i.sub.1.sup.2 R.sub.eq /[2eI.sub.0 R.sub.eq Δf+2eI.sub.0 'R.sub.eq ΔF+4kT.sub.eq Δf]                   Equation 10

There are two special cases of interest which provide insight into theperformance of the heterodyne readout system of the present invention;one is the thermal noise limited case and the other is the shot-noiselimited case. In the thermal noise case Equation 10 becomes, ##EQU7##where

     i.sub.1 =2η.sub.q √ P.sub.LO e.sup.-αt P.sub.sηF /N.sup.2 (hv/e)                                           Equation 12a

if the Faraday effect is used, or

     i.sub.1 =2η.sub. q √ P.sub.LO RP.sub.sηK /N.sup.2 (hv/e) Equation 12b

if the Kerr effect is used.

As an example, assuming P_(LO) = P_(s) = P_(o) /2, assuming Δf=1 MHz,η_(q) =0.5, hv=2 eV, N² =5×10⁵, R=0.3 and η_(K) =2×10⁻⁵, then i₁ /P_(o)is 10⁻⁸ amp/w. Therefore, when R_(eq) =10⁴ ohms,

     (S/N)· 1P.sup.2 =30/(watt).sup.2.                Equation 13

If 1 watt is used for reading, S/N is 30.

In the shot-noise limited cases

     I.sub.0 >>2kT/eR.sub.eq,                                  Equation 14

where I₀ is related to the optical power by ##EQU8## The S/N ratiobecomes, ##EQU9##

It can be seen that in the shot-noise limited case, S/N is linearlyproportional to the optical power while the thermal noise limited caseS/N is proportional to the square of the optical reading power.

Again using the numbers R_(eq) =10 KΩ and T=300° K., Equation 14 yieldsthe value of (2kT/eR_(eq))=5.2× 10⁻⁶ amp. This value of I₀ correspondsto P_(LO) of 3 watts. The optical power has to be much greater than 3watts in order to drive the photodiode to shot-noise limitedperformance. Assuming P_(LO) =15 W and P_(sig) =1 watt, S/N becomes 625.

The foregoing analysis shows that a heterodyne system, particularly oneusing the kerr readout provides a significant improvement in S/N overthe straight detection method by about a factor of 30 in the examplesgiven.

While this invention has been disclosed with particular reference to thepreferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the artthat changes in form and detail may be made without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention.

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or right is claimed are defined as follows:
 1. In a holographic optical memory having a memory medium upon which a plurality of holograms are stored, a system for reading out a bit pattern stored in one of the holograms, comprising:light source means for providing a coherent light beam, beam splitter means for splitting the coherent beam into a first and a second beam, light beam directing means for directing the first beam to one of the plurality of holograms, a portion of the first beam being diffracted by the hologram to form at a reconstructed image plane a reconstructed image of the bit pattern stored in the hologram, light beam superimposing means for superimposing the second beam with the diffracted portion of the first beam, optical frequency translator means positioned in the path of one of the first and second beams to cause the one beam to have a different frequency from that of the other beam during readout, such that a beat frequency signal is produced when the first and second beams are superimposed, and an array of detectors positioned at the reconstructed image plane, each detector positioned to receive light representing one bit of the bit pattern and to provide an output signal indicative of the intensity of the beat frequency signal received.
 2. The invention as described in claim 1 wherein the memory medium is a magnetic film.
 3. The invention as described in claim 2 wherein the magnetic film is manganese bismuth.
 4. A holographic optical memory comprising:light source means for providing a coherent light beam, beam splitter means for splitting the coherent light beam into a first and a second beam, a memory medium for the storage of a plurality of holograms, beam directing means for simultaneously directing the first and second beams to coincide at a selected region of the memory medium, page composer means positioned in the path of the second beam between the beam splitter means and the memory medium for creating a bit pattern in the second beam during the writing stage, optical frequency translator means positioned in the path of one of the first and second beams to cause the one beam to have a different frequency from that of the other beam, such that a beat frequency signal is produced when the first and second beams are superimposed, beam intensity control means for causing the combined intensity of the first and second beams to be sufficient to store the bit pattern as a hologram during the writing stage, and insufficient to alter the hologram during the reading stage, pivoting means positioned proximate the memory medium for pivoting, during the reading stage, superimposed beams comprising a diffracted portion of the first beam and an undiffracted portion of the second beam into a common reconstructed image plane, and an array of detectors positioned at the common reconstructed image plane, each detector positioned to receive the light representing one bit of a reconstructed bit pattern formed by the diffracted portion of the first beam and to provide an output signal indicative of the intensity of the beat frequency signal received.
 5. The holographic optical memory of claim 4 wherein the beam directing means comprises:light beam deflector means positioned between the light source means and the beam splitter means for deflecting the first and second beams to a plurality of resolvable spots, mirror means positioned in the path of one of the first and second beams for changing the direction of propagation of the beam, inverting means positioned in the path of one of the first and second beams for inverting the angular direction of the beam, an array of individual lenses positioned in the path of the second beam, each lens being positioned at one of the plurality of resolvable spots, for reducing the beam diameter of the resolvable spots, and field lens means positioned in the path of the second beam between the array of individual lenses and the page composer means for pivoting the second beam at a first pivot plane.
 6. The holographic optical memory of claim 5 wherein beam inverting means comprises first and second lenses.
 7. The holographic optical memory of claim 5 wherein the beam inverting means is positioned in the path of the second beam.
 8. The holographic optical memory of claim 7 wherein the beam inverting means is positioned essentially at the first pivot plane and wherein the beam inverting means further pivots the second beam at a second pivot plane.
 9. The holographic optical memory of claim 8 wherein the page composer means is positioned proximate the second pivot plane.
 10. The holographic optical memory of claim 5 wherein the page composer means is positioned essentially at the first pivot plane.
 11. The holographic optical memory of claim 4 and further comprising Fourier transform lens means positioned in the path of the second beam proximate the page composer means for performing a Fourier transform of the bit pattern produced by the page composer means.
 12. The holographic optical memory of claim 4 and wherein the pivoting means comprises pivoting lens means.
 13. The holographic optical memory of claim 12 wherein the pivoting lens means comprises a lens having a substantially flat surface and a curved surface.
 14. The holographic optical memory of claim 13 wherein the memory medium comprises a deposited layer on the substantially flat surface.
 15. The holographic optical memory of claim 4 wherein the memory medium is a magnetic film.
 16. The holographic optical memory of claim 15 wherein the diffracted portion of the first beam and the undiffracted portion of the second beam are transmitted through the magnetic film.
 17. The holographic optical memory of claim 15 wherein the diffracted portion of the first beam and the undiffracted portion of the second beam are reflected by the magnetic film.
 18. The holographic optical memory of claim 15 wherein the magnetic film is manganese bismuth. .Iadd.
 19. A system for reading out a bit pattern stored in a hologram, the system comprising:means for directing a first beam to the hologram, a portion of the first beam being diffracted by the hologram to form a reconstructed image of the bit pattern; means for superimposing a second beam with the diffracted portion of the first beam, the second beam differing from the first beam such that a beat frequency is produced when the first and second beams are superimposed; and means for detecting a beat frequency signal produced by the superimposed first and second beams for each bit of the bit pattern. .Iaddend..Iadd.
 20. A system for reading out a bit pattern stored in a hologram formed by a reference beam and an information beam, the system comprising: means for directing first and second beams having different frequencies onto the hologram, the first beam following the path of the reference beam, the second beam following the path of the information beam; means for pivoting superimposed beams comprising a diffracted portion of the first beam and a portion of the second beam into a common reconstructed image plane; and means for detecting a beat frequency signal produced by the superimposed first and second beams, the beat frequency signal representing a bit of the bit pattern. .Iaddend..Iadd.
 21. A heterodyne system for reading out a bit pattern stored in a hologram formed by a reference beam and an information beam, the heterodyne system comprising: light beam directing means for directing a readout beam to the hologram, a portion of the readout beam being diffracted by the hologram to form a reconstructed image; light beam superimposing means for superimposing a local oscillator beam with the diffracted portion of the readout beam; and detector means for detecting a beat frequency signal generated by the superimposed beams, the beat frequency signal representing a bit of the bit pattern. .Iaddend..Iadd.
 22. The invention of claim 21 wherein the readout beam follows a reference beam path and the local oscillator beam follows an information beam path. .Iaddend..Iadd.
 23. In a holographic optical memory having a memory medium upon which a plurality of holograms are stored, a system for reading out a bit pattern stored in one of the holograms, the system comprising:light beam directing means for directing a first beam to one of the plurality holograms, a portion of the first beam being diffracted by the hologram to form, at a reconstructed image plane, a reconstructed image of the bit pattern stored in the hologram; light beam superimposing means for superimposing a second beam with the diffracted portion of the first beam, the first and second beams having different frequencies; and an array of detectors positioned at the reconstructed image plane, each detector positioned to receive light representing one bit of the bit pattern and to provide an output signal indicative of the intensity of a beat frequency signal produced by the superimposed beams. .Iaddend. .Iadd.
 24. The invention of claim 23 wherein the first beam follows a reference beam path and the second beam follows an information beam path. .Iaddend..Iadd.
 25. An arrangement for reading out a hologram formed by the interference of a reference beam and an object beam comprising in combination: means for directing two spatially-unmodulated beams onto the hologram, one following the path of the reference beam and the other following the path of the object beam, the two beams differing from one another such that a beat frequency is produced when the first and second beams are superimposed; and means for detecting the beat frequency component of the image reconstructed by the two beams. .Iaddend. .Iadd.
 26. A method of reading out a hologram formed by the interference of a reference beam and an object beam, comprising the steps of: directing two spatially unmodulated beams onto the hologram, one following the path of the reference beam and the other following the path of the object beam; frequency translating one of the beams such that a beat frequency is produced when the two beams are superimposed; and detecting at least the beat frequency component of the image reconstructed by the two beams. .Iaddend..Iadd.
 27. An arrangement for reading out a hologram formed by the interference of a reference beam and an object beam comprising, in combination: means for directing two spatially unmodulated beams onto the hologram, one following the path of the reference beam and the other following the path of the object beam; means for frequency translating one of said beams such that a beat frequency is produced when the two beams are superimposed; and means for detecting at least the beat frequency component of the image reconstructed by the two beams. .Iaddend. 